Foyos Cexis De Patricia Manterola

the incredible journeys of Pedro Páez (I)

In collaboration with my colleague Josep "Perched on the network " We have prepared the following article. Pedro Páez

Jaramillo was a English Jesuit missionary of the seventeenth century. It was the first European to set foot on land south of the Arabian peninsula, written mention the existence of coffee and also the first to reach the mythical source of the Blue Nile. In this first article detailing the brutal path she did with the father Antoni de Montserrat for land south of the Arabian peninsula. Pedro Páez

Olmeda was born in the Onion, today Olmeda de las Fuentes, within a good family, received a good education and at 18 he entered the Society of Jesus. In April 1588 he embarked in Lisbon with other Jesuits in the ship "Santo Tomas" to Goa, a major Portuguese colonies in India.

in Goa and Father Pedro Páez Antoni de Montserrat was chosen to go to Ethiopia with a clear goal, the Ethiopian monarch trying to leave the Christian Orthodox church and embraced the Catholic. So on February 2 the two Iberian Jesuits would embark on a journey worth taking it to the big screen.


View Travel (I) Pedro Páez in a larger map

a few days of travel and because of a severe storm were to stop at the Elephanta Island, thence followed Baçaim north of Bombay where he had a Portuguese fort.

Diu continued until they found the father Luis de Mendoza, disguised themselves as merchants there Armenians and crossed illegally to the Gulf of Oman Muscat.

Montserrat and Paez, Muscat left to go to the island of Hormuz where they thought would be easier to sail to Africa in several weeks Hormuz were possibly of malaria patients, and finally departed on December 6, 1589 on a ship that addresses Zeiler, a small town on the coast of Somalia in Africa.

December 25 the ship was attacked by pirates who are demanding a ransom and on January 1, 1590, were caught in a terrible storm that broke the mast of the boat, stranded on the rocks of the second Al-Sawda the islands of Kuria Muria in the Arabian Peninsula. After a week could sail on another ship but were caught soon after by Turkish vessels, they tore their turbans, were recognized as Europeans and were taken prisoner. Here begin a terrible saga of the southern lands of the Arabian peninsula.

In Dhofar, Páez and Montserrat were interrogated and accused of being spies, they decided to bring them Xafer Sheikh who lived in the terrible and hitherto unknown to Europeans Hadramaut desert, to that end they embarked and followed the coast to Ras Fartak from which would continue the hard walk through the desert. Hand Tied

put them behind a camel ride, experiencing sunburn in the skin, also suffered very thirsty and gave them little food, after a few days and to avoid dying, his father set him up to Montserrat the back of a camel, but the father was not as misericordes Páez and had to continue walking.

crossed the terrible way Hadramaut desert to reach the city of Tarim where they were greeted with insults and stones.

passed by the city of Al-Qatna, where the prince welcomed them and invited them to take Cahua, drink boiled water with a fruit called Bun. Although it is not anything you can demonstrate, at the time Pedro Páez and Antoni de Montserrat were probably the first Europeans to taste the drink we now call coffee. What is certain is were the first Europeans to write about it.

In Marib, Paez told that the ruins of ancient fortresses, which are abundant in the place belonged to the realm of the legendary Queen of Sheba. Marib never again be visited by no Europeans until 1870.

A short distance from Al-Qatna Haynes in the city were locked up for four months, until the prisoners were charged to low presence of Turkish who lived in Yemen's capital Sana'a.

the way to Sana'a had to cross the Rub'al Khali desert. This is one of the largest sand deserts in the world, occupying most of the southern third of the Arabian peninsula. Its Arabic name means "the empty room." Taking advantage of the captive, Paez continued his studies in Arabic, Hebrew and Chinese. Montserrat on the other hand ended his book in which he recounts his previous trips to the court of Grand Mogul.

early September, 1596 were given to a Turkish merchant to serve as galley slaves for several months.

The Turkish merchant that brought them to shore finally took pity on them, took them out of the galley and took them to his house in Moka. After a year in the city, attended Felipe II orders the viceroy of India, Matias de Albuquerque, to be paid a ransom of one thousand crowns for the two prisoners, and finally being released, and then returned to Diu to Goa where they arrived in December 1596.

exhausted their health because of the great hardships of captivity, Antoni de Montserrat died in 1599. Páez younger and stronger to try again come to Ethiopia, but that's another adventure that will explain in a future article.


Links:

Literature: Jorge Sanchez, a traveler from Hospitalet (Barcelona), traveled alone to Ethiopia in 1993 and explored for two months the places visited by Pedro Páez. In his book my trip around Africa, published in 1994 by the Madrid Editorial Tierra del Fuego, he devotes several pages.

Literature: The writer and traveler Javier Reverte Pedro Páez discovered in one of his trips and has revealed in his book God, the devil and adventure.


Sources: Wikipedia

Bicycle Shaped Pinata

The route of the first creature to orbit the Earth

Almost a month after the former Soviet Union put an Earth-orbiting artificial satellite Sputnik 1, the Soviets returned to take another punch line to launch November 3, 1957 its second satellite artificial, Sputnik 2, with a living being inside that would become the first living creature to carry out an orbital trip.


The animal chosen for the mission was a stray dog \u200b\u200bwandering the streets of Moscow. Those responsible for the mission believed that stray dogs were able to survive in harsh conditions than those who had a home. His original name was Kudryavka ("Little Curly"), but later became known worldwide as Laika.

On October 31, 1957, three days before launch, Laika was placed in the Sputnik 2, at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan today. As temperatures in the launch site were extremely low, heat the capsule to be maintained through an external heater and hose. Two assistants were responsible for Laika constantly monitor before the start of the mission. Just before takeoff, the November 3, 1957, Laika's fur was cleaned with a solution of ethanol, and they painted with iodine those areas where the dog would sensors to monitor their bodily functions.



Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957. Laika's vital signs were followed telemetrically by ground control. Upon reaching full throttle after takeoff, the animal's breathing rate increased from three to four times normal, and heart rate from 103 to 240 beats per minute. Upon reaching orbit, Sputnik 2 conical tip came off successfully. The other section of the ship that should have been revealed he did not, preventing the thermal control system malfunction. Part of the thermal insulation came off, allowing the capsule reaches an internal temperature of 40 ° C. After three hours of microgravity, Laika's pulse had dropped to 102 beats per minute, this decrease in heart rate were taken three times longer than experienced during training, indicating the stress under which he was the dog. Initial telemetry data showed that although Laika was agitated, he was eating. The reception of vital data stood between five and seven hours after liftoff.

For years, the Soviet Union gave contradictory explanations about the death of Laika, sometimes saying the dog had died of asphyxiation when batteries failed, or had been euthanized in accordance with the original plans. In October 2002, the scientist Dimitri Malashenkov, who participated in the launch of Sputnik 2, revealed that Laika had died between five and seven hours after liftoff, due to stress and overheating.

After Laika, no other dog manned mission was launched without a system for the safe return of the animal.


Links:

Youtube: Video on Sputnik 2 mission.

Music: Song of atista Memorial Trentemøller Laika.


Sources: Wikipedia

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The largest philanthropic travel, the Route

One of the most significant in the history of world medicine is, without doubt, the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine or also known as the Expedition Balmis , ordered by King Carlos IV of Spain to its colonies in America and Asia between 1803 and 1806.


This determination was crucial monarch seems the opinion of Surgeon Real Chamber of Balmis Francisco Xavier (1743-1819), a native of Alicante, Valencia, Mexico who had witnessed the ravages of the epidemic of 1779 smallpox among the natives, mainly, and I was a strong supporter of the new method of vaccination against then practiced variolation.

lint in Spain were received with lymph smallpox vaccine two years after Edward Jenner published his observations and in 1800 the doctor and Verdacer Piguillem Francisco (1771-1826), born in Gerona, Catalonia, lymph from Paris made the first vaccinations in their home region. Wishing

the English crown to extend this benefit as soon as possible to their colonies, organized the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the vaccine at the beginning of the second half of the year Balmis 1803 with the doctor and surgeon director José Salvany Lleopart Catalan (1777-1810) Deputy Director, assisted by two physician assistants, two practitioners, four nurses and 22 orphans who had been inoculated with the vaccine still alive in your body.

The expedition departed from La Coruña and then split in La Guaira (Venezuela). José Salvany, the second surgeon, entered what is now Colombia and the Viceroyalty of Peru (now Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Bolivia). It took them seven years touring the country and the efforts of took the life journey of self Salvany, who died in Cochabamba in 1810. Balmis meanwhile returned to Havana and then depart the Port of Manila bound for Acapulco. Philippine travel to Guangzhou (China), where 22 people were vaccinated but did not get the cooperation of the delegates of the Philippine Company in that city to continue its mission. That was why China started that city the way back to Spain, finally reaching Madrid on September 7, 1806, ending one of the most extraordinary epics of the world medical history.

himself the discoverer of smallpox vaccine Edward Jenner wrote about the issue:
"I can not imagine that in the annals of history they provide a most noble example of philanthropy and broader than this .


Links:

Book: e-Book Balmis Expedition. English Association of Pediatrics.

Ruta Quetzal : Chapter dedicated to Balmis.


Sources: Wikipedia

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Balmis Tamerlane, Ruy González de Clavijo

In collaboration with my colleague Josep de Perched on the network, we have prepared this article with a detailed interactive map Travel Ruy González de Clavijo to Samarkand. The first European diplomatic embassy to Central Asia.

After the catastrophe of the Christian kingdoms in the Battle of Nicopolis against Bayezid I (1396), Emperor of Constantinople made a trip from the West trying to raise arms, money, and men as a last defense, since the city was completely surrounded by the Turks, meanwhile arrived in Europe, news of the Great Tamerlane, who from Central Asia had achieved several victories, from Delhi to Damascus.


View Embassy to Tamerlane in a larger map

Henry III, which had highlighted sending embassies to the Sultan of Babylon Cairo and other Muslim kings of North Africa, sent Payo Gómez de Soto and Hernán Sánchez de Palazuelos to Tamerlane (although it is likely that initially intending to be credited also to Bajazet). Ambassadors agreed Angora (now Ankara) in 1402, just as Tamburlaine the battle which took place in plain Tchibukova, where defeated Ottoman Sultan. According to some historians, Bayezid I after being taken prisoner was locked in a cage that was used by Tamerlane as a step, which support their feet to mount his horse. Bayazid died soon after

1403 Grand Tamerlane was the Castilian ambassadors and ordered Mohamad Al Qazl (The Kesh) to accompany them back, with a letter from Timur to the King of Spain, informing his victory over Bayezid I, the envoy brought with him, presents for the king and captives, Catherine, and Maria Angelina, Hungarian three princesses, who had been released from Turkish rule, the delegation was received by the king and court in Segovia.

Dominicans and Franciscans preached since 1318 in Tabriz (Persia), Pope Boniface IX was appointed bishop in those lands to Joannes de Galonifontibus, which in July of 1402 he was sent back to Europe by Tamerlane with letters to the kings Henry IV England and Charles VI of France with the purpose of announcing the news of the victory over Bajazet, and make new alliances, and the news coming to Genoa, Venice, London and Paris.

After hearing the news that brought her back Payo Gomez and Hernan Sanchez. To improve relations with the Great Tamerlane, in the year 1403, King Henry III, decided to send a new delegation of 14 people. In front of the embassy were Ruy González de Clavijo, the master theologian Fray Alonso Pérez de Santamaria and the king's guard Gómez de Salazar, who were sent as ambassadors to Samarkand, the court of the Great Tamerlane, a great trip that lasted three years. He walked back to the Mohamad Al Qazl issue, the envoy of the previous expedition.

Ruy González de Clavijo

boats in the harbor of Santa Maria on 22 May 1403, sailed to Malaga, Cartagena, Formentera and Mallorca. On July 18 near Stromboli, are caught in a storm and can see the meteorological phenomenon of the "Lights of San Telmo, luminescent balls appear at the top of the masts at the end of the storm, and that was a sign of good omen.

continue sailing to Rhodes, and thence to Constantinople, where they were received with honors by King Manuel II.

After crossing the Black Sea, landed in Trabzon and crossed by Armenia, Persia and Turkestan down to Samarkand, where they arrived sixteen months later in September 1404.

The real save Gómez de Salazar who accompanied the delegation, died at Nishapur during the expedition before reaching their destination ..

On September 8, 1404, the Ambassadors have the opportunity to appear before the Great Tamerlane, who made the following statement:
"Behold these ambassadors who sends me my son, the King of Spain, which is the greatest King that there among the Franks, and are very great people! In truth I give you my blessing to my son King "

there is that coinciding with the delegation in China and being such a platform to a higher altitude than the Spaniards, the Tamerlane brought down the Chinese and instead placed Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo and his entourage.

In Samarkand the Great Tamburlaine the Great quriltai held, a celebration that was to the election of a new puppet Kan, who happened to Muhammad b. Qan Soyurghatmish, who died in 1402 (805). attended the annals many embassies including those of China, and that of Ruy González de Clavijo, sent by King Henry III of Castile. The ambassadors stayed about three months in court, where they were invited to countless parties and celebrations.

Without much explanation the ambassadors were invited to leave Samarkand, Tamerlane without response to the letter from King or even say goodbye. Tamerlane was preparing for the greatest achievement: a campaign against China. Gathers a huge army and vast amounts of supplies, and late fall of 1404 addresses Utrar, where he planned to overwinter. There he died on January 19, 1405 (807) because of an illness.

On the way back, the ambassadors received the news of the death of Tamerlane and soon were arrested and stolen in Persia, where they were six months of captivity.

In March of 1406 arrived at San Lucar de Barrameda and then went to Alcalá de Henares where the king received them.

Ruy González de Clavijo was a witness in the will of Henry III, in December of that year, 1406 and died on April 2, 1412, is buried in the Real Basilica de San Francisco el Grande, having left an interesting account of travel. We can now contemplate

mark this historic embassy in the streets and buildings of Samarkand. Astronomical observatory in the Ulug Bek we get up a painting alluding to the Castilian ambassadors. Tamerlane built a town at the edge of Samarkand called Madrid. In 2004 the avenue was opened Ruy González de Clavijo next to the Gur-Emir.


Links:
trip
Chronicle: online copy of the chronicle of the trip written by Ruy González de Clavijo.

Madrileños World: The TV shows Madrid in Samarkand.

Youtube: Video describing the adventure of Ruy González de Clavijo.


Sources: Wikipedia

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The route of the Indies fleet

The article has been created within the framework of the blog coraboración Bartomeus , with the special aim at the creation of a map showing the route taken by the Indias fleet and some relevant facts.

Indies fleets were the operating mechanism of the English trade monopoly in America and was all the commerce and navigation between Spain and America. Were set up in 1561 and survived until 1778, when it was finally removed.


View Road Indies Fleet in a larger map

two fleets were differentiated. The one that went to Mexico, whose final destination was the port of Veracruz, was to sail from Spain in April and was called the Fleet of New Spain. Aimed at the mainland, whose terminal was Nombre de Dios, then replaced by Portobelo-had to leave in August and was named galleon fleet. Sometimes they sailed together the fleet and the Galleons, but each of them holding his personality and leadership.

When the fleet left the mainland coast and began its course through the so-called Mar de las Mares, who was part of the ocean between San Lucar and Canary Islands. Was covered in about ten or twelve days, depending on sea conditions. At the head was the Captain, with the largest banner hoisted. Then the merchant. Closing the training, the Admiral, flagship hoisted at the stern. The remaining warships were to windward of the merchants to get closer to them quickly in case of attack.

From Canary fleet was entering the so-called Mar de las Damas, because it was said that even women could rule there the ships, given the ideal conditions for sailing. This was possible by the northern hemisphere trade winds blowing fairly constant in summer and less in winter. Run from the 30-35 º to the tropics, from northeast to southwest, due to rotation of the earth and constantly push the ships from the Canary Islands into the tropical regions of the new continent. The trade winds are warm, steady, blow dry, about 20 kms an hour. Coming to the Tropic of Cancer from August shipments ran the risk of encountering tropical hurricanes, mass of clouds that formed at the height of Cape Verde were en route to the West Indies downloading devastating storms.


The trip by the Atlantic became more monotonous then, accompanied by endless creak of rigging and the creaking of the cables. Sometimes they were ordered to battle stations have trained the army and navy against a possible enemy attack, and this was perhaps the only thing that broke the tedium. The only entertainment on board were religious services to which everyone had to go. Passengers could not play or blaspheme. There was the food twice daily. The pages served to the passengers. At first it was bad then consisted of meat, vegetables and fruits, but it ended soon and vegetables began to end in the eternal diet of beef, honey, cheese and olives. The crew ate almost exclusively jerky.

The Ladies Sea was crossed in a month, after which is usually reached the island of Dominica, where he was a small scale. It came down to earth and made great feasts. Who went to America for the first time in wonder to the people, landscape, etc.. The landfall was brief, he had to continue to Veracruz or Name of God, and this represented another travel month.

fleet of New Spain from Dominica barreled toward Veracruz. Along the way they were going to evolve in the same vessels bound for Honduras, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo and Cuba. The fleet of galleons in turn put towards Cartagena, leaving some merchant voyage bound for Margarita, La Guaira, Maracaibo and Riohacha. In Cartagena it was a long scale of two weeks, it was necessary to unload the goods destined for the New Kingdom of Granada, which usually accounted for 25% of all that was going mainland. Then he went to Nombre de Dios, which was the actual terminal.

After the negotiation, the merchant both fleets, the New Spain and the mainland, had to go to Havana, where they were waiting to escort warships. From there he undertook the journey back to Spain.

From Havana dangerous way to the Bahama Channel. After the channel and with the help of northern temperate winds, the currents of the Gulf and Atlantic anticyclone moved north to reach the height of the Azores at 39 ° north where the pirates danger increased. Sometimes warships were sent reinforcements to the islands, to await the arrival of the fleet. From the Azores on their way to Portugal. It was a rare landfall in the Algarve to download smuggling. Finally reached the English southwest and finally to San Lucar, where the galleons began to climb with difficulty to reach the port Guadalquivir river in Seville. The increase in tonnage of ships was making Sevilla in a failed port to the Indian trade, as it prevented the rise of the bar of the Guadalquivir. In 1680 it was decided that the galleons departure and arrival at Cadiz, the port had better conditions for this negotiation Atlantic.

The threat of rival colonial powers increased when they were able to establish bases in the Caribbean. Britain was St. Kitts and Nevis in 1624, Curacao and the Netherlands in 1634. The fleet of 1628 was captured by the Dutchman Piet Hein in the Battle of the Bay of Matanzas, and in 1656 and 1657 were captured by the English Richard Stayner and Robert Blake during the Anglo-English war. Of 1702 was destroyed during the Battle of Rande.

Despite the general perception that many English ships were captured by pirates and privateers, the fact is that more than 250 years of service attacks losses were minimal and can be described well the Indian fleet as a most successful naval operations in history.

The last Indian fleet sailed in 1776. In the 1780, Spain opened the colonies to the free market.


Links:

Histamar : Detailed information on the fleet of the Indies.

Historical Documents: List of what happened to His Majesty's Navy with England on Crow Island to pick up the fleet of the Indian


Sources: Wikipedia , www.almendron.com

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The way of the Lord, the Capac Nan

The Capac Nan, in Quechua, "The Way of the Lord" is a network of roads and infrastructure built over 2,000 years of Andean culture. Reach over 6,000 km, from southern Colombia to the south-central Chile, through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina totaling 25,000 kilometers in total that were articulated in the central area by the culturaWari. Later, with the arrival of the Incas to the region from establishing the Tawantinsuyo Titicaca, in which lived a few million inhabitants, which were connected by a complex network of paths that started from Cuzco to the four cardinal points his or .

The English made him a stretch of the Camino Real and was the basis of communications between the provinces of the Viceroyalty of Peru and later to New Granada and La Plata. During the Republic, the roads linked the new nations, to the construction of roads with the arrival of automobiles in the twentieth century.

El Camino Trunk or major axis of the Sierra is organized by the Andean peaks, with parallel paths through the Pacific Coast and transverse corridors linking the coast with the highlands and the Yungas area
.

The only sections with international tourist market are the so-called Inca Trail from Cuzco to Machu Picchu in Peru and the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina
.

In connection with the Peruvian section this corresponds to a distance of 50 kilometers, three-day walk, which links the city Cuzco Machu Picchu, which has become famous and that it is crossed by thousands of tourists annually.


Links:

Youtube: Video Capac Nan road with Andean music.


Sources: Wikipedia

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The path of a true Robinson Crusoe

In 1526 English ships crossing the Caribbean Sea in all directions, but America was still a little known continent. In the south, in what is now Colombia, he founded Santa Marta. The English ships continuously sent from Cuba to open this new region. Sailors were a sea insecure and maps that made reference only on costs and a few safe routes, outside, danger lurked. One of those ships, a slight patache exploration, had left Havana bound for Santa Marta . I sent Captain Pedro Serrano.


Halfway in the middle of the Caribbean, a major storm patache surprises. The boat capsizing, too little time for such a vessel. Shipwrecked. Among enormous difficulties, the crew try to escape. The sea swallows. Only three men survive. Among them, Serrano. A swim, arrive at a sandbar, an atoll that is not on any map. The place is hell: in 35 miles long by 15 wide, there is only sand and sun, with little vegetation and no source of fresh water. These three men have survived, but have been isolated in a place where death seems imminent. Do not know where they are. Do not know how to eat. They do not know if a boat will pass by. Begins a race against death. Of the three castaways, one dies within a few days. Only two. Serrano knows that will only survive if it makes the most of limited resources that the island offers.


Serrano and his companion star in a real show of ingenuity. To take advantage of rainwater, collected molluscs and wood the wreck and made a small deposit. To protect the blazing tropical sun and strong winds, and lack of trees, collect rocks, shells and corals, and build a kind of tomb that serves as a shed. Make fire with flint, as there is no vegetation, which are used as tinder shreds of his own shirts.

One day, after several months of isolation, something extraordinary happens: there are two men in a boat. They do not come to rescue them, unfortunately, are also survivors. Serrano's companion went on that boat with one of them, hoping to reach the coast of Nicaragua. Both were lost forever. Serrano is with the other newly arrived.

Life in the sand is a daily struggle for survival. No more wood than it arrives, random, swept by the waves, the product of other wrecks. With these woods make fire. Fuel must be weighed very carefully: not just for roasting the meat of turtles and shellfish, but above all, to make smoke signals in the event of sighting a ship. Years pass. Serrano and his partner not ever give up. From their vantage point they saw a English boat, none will see them. We can imagine the despair of the castaways to see how salvation is missed by the skyline. Much more is hard to imagine and life, day after day, up to eight years !!!!. However, one day ... Let him count the Inca Garcilaso:

" For years saw some ships pass and made their smoked, but did not profit them, so they were so heartbroken, but lacked not die. But after this long time he passed a vessel so close to them who smoked and I saw the boat began to collect them. So they took the ship where they enjoyed to those who saw and heard his last works. The companion died at sea coming to Spain . "

Serrano's companion, in fact, died on board; did not see land anymore. Fate. Serrano, however, survived. It was 1534. Her story turned to Spain, which at that time was like that around the world. Feat so impressed the authorities decided to take to Germany, where he was then the Emperor Charles, to tell it personally Serrano. The wreck came to the imperial court with fur as we had when he was rescued, to give highest potential of truth to his story. We can imagine the astonishment of the Emperor by the appearance of this man, health and recovered, but his hair and beard of eight years of isolation.

Serrano became a famous man. Was dozens of meetings called courtesans, where the nobility was ready to hear your story. He himself wrote in a lively narrative that is preserved in the Archivo de Indias. Then rewarded by the Crown, went to Panama. End his days there.

It goes almost certainly Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe when he wrote , in 1719, had as its inspiration the story of Pedro Serrano in his barren sandbar. Today that island, Colombia is administered territory and calls Serrana Island, in honor just to wreck Pedro Serrano.


Sources: Wikipedia , www.elmanifiesto.com

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epic route Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca participated in the most disastrous expedition to the New World and still one of the greatest epics ever told. On April 14, 1528 the expedition led by Panfilo de Narvaez landed on the coast of Florida with the intention of conquering. Of the three hundred men in the company, only Cabeza de Vaca and three companions managed to reach English soil after eight years living all kinds of perils.

Fearing the Indians of the coast and believing that in those northern territories would find gold, ascended the Rio Grande or Bravo, instead of addressing the English settlement of Panuco. During the trip to northwestern Mexico, healers exercised through the imposition of hands and the recitation of Hail Marys and Our Fathers. When Cabeza de Vaca successfully removed an arrowhead that an Indian had stuck close to the heart, the fame of healers and people who were good among the Indian tribes no longer abandoned.

will be gained from the natives and made various explorations in search of a route to return to New Spain in what is now the American Southwest and northern Mexico. After wandering for long time for the extensive area that is now the border between Mexico and the United States arrived in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Rio Bravo or Grande, along the river found tribes engaged in hunting bison that lived. Finally

Petatlán banks of the River (now called Rio Sinaloa) re-established contact with a team of English explorers in 1536 a few miles from Culiacan, English settlement.

During that trip the first ethnographic observations collected on indigenous people of the Gulf of Mexico Shipwrecks writing a story titled, now considered the first historical narrative about the United States.


Links:

GoogleVideo : BBC documentary on the epic story of Cabeza de Vaca.

Blip.tv: Chapter of the "White Nights" dedicated to the novels of travel, among the guests are writers and EloisaGómez Ruben Caballero, who know the history of Cabeza de Vaca. Document

: free online copy of the book Castaway in PDF format.


Sources: Wikipedia

Dreams About Dead Frogs

The way of Francisco de Cuellar

The attempted invasion of Philip II of England and Felicissimo La Grande Armada, commonly known as Armada is well known, but little is known about the English military survivors of that era. Of all those English who managed to save their lives, the curious and amazing story, is the saga of Captain Francisco de Cuellar . This Segovia got rid of the death penalty for disobedience, survive a shipwreck, endure attacks from the locals, seducing beautiful women, get protection from clans in the area and eventually reach Spain. In short, a story that could well lead to the big screen.


Currently if you visit Northern Ireland, we follow the path that made Cuéllar those lands, and learn the history and legends told by the local people who for generations have kept the knowledge of those facts.


Links:

The Cuellar's Trail: Page Irish road information by Cuellar.

Historical Document: Letter Cuéllar describing what happened.

Literature: History Cuellar by Balbino Velasco Bayon.


Sources: Wikipedia, Revista Clio

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The Spanish way

The English Empire was sending money and troops English to war in the Netherlands. In the beginning was done by sea, but because of bad weather that often prevailed in these seas, and the enmity of England and France, which dominated the English Channel, Philip II ordered to create an alternative.

in 1567 first used the new route which started in Naples, passed through Florence, Genoa up to the Milanese, or from Barcelona by sea to the Milanese and then through the Franche-Comte, Strasbourg, Luxembourg and Brussels to reach with variations through Worms and Cologne.

A second route was first used after 1622 (due to the alliance of Duke Savoy with France). This route started in Milan and spent by the Swiss valleys of the Alps to the Tyrol and Valtellina. Hence bordering southern Germany, crossed the river Rhine (Alsace) and came to the Netherlands by Lorena.

A factor influencing the speed of an entire issue was the number of groups that are divided. It appears that the unit was running comfortably manageable. should not have more than 3,000 soldiers.

Obviously, the duration of travel to the Netherlands was determined by the speed with which the soldiers were traveling. The normal speed of the armies that used the road, seems to have been about 20km per day. The average duration of the marches was 48 days. With the road

English, Spain won, based on ingenuity and tenacity, and despite the distance, gathering as remote control, a great host to hundreds of kilometers from the political center of the monarchy.


Links:

Literature: book "The Army of Flanders and the English way" by Geoffrey Parker.


Sources: Wikipedia, Joaquín Navarro's personal page.

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The Siberian

Designed initially for the Czar Alexander II in 1891 start building the rail line that would connect the cities originally from St. Petersburg to the important port city of Vladivostok in the Far Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan. With 9.288 kilometers and capable of making seven different time zones, the work nsiberiano rail route is the third longest in the world and certainly one of the most legendary routes.

Today the Siberian connecting Moscow with Vladivostok and remains today the most important communication channel in Russia, to the point that about 30% of U.S. exports are transported by it. While a tourist attraction leads many Visitors traveling on it, it is still used by the Russians in their domestic travel.


Other major trains related to the Trans-Siberian are going from Moscow to Beijing and Moscow Transmanchuriano going to Beijing without going through Mongolia. Both use part of the Trans-Siberian journey.

Links:

Documentary: Historical Documentary Trans.

SiberianDream: Blog which describes the experiences of Franco in the Siberian.


Sources: Wikipedia

Jobensitas Chilangas Foyando

The Manila Galleon route

In 1565 Urdaneta opened one of the most important trade routes in the world, which reported the western Pacific and Asia with America, would remain in force for 250 years, through the famous Manila Galleon.


Once a year a galleon (once were two galleons) put southbound sailing from Acapulco and between parallels 10 and 11, then west up and kept between 13 and 14 to Mariana, by the Cavite, Philippines. In total, covering 2,200 miles over 50 to 60 days. The return trip was made heading to Japan to take the current Kuro Shiva, but in 1596 the Japanese captured galleon and was advised that a change of itinerary. Started then southeast to 11 degrees, then up to 22 and from there to 17. After coming to America at the height of Cape Mendocino, where down coast to Acapulco. The danger of the route advised leaving Manila in July, but could be delayed until August. After this month was impossible to make the crossing, which had to be postponed for a year. The return trip delayed five or six months and hence the arrival in Acapulco was made in December or January.

trips were long and hard and many people died in them, victims of scurvy or starvation. There were times when they are paid huge sums of money fresh meat of the rats that swarmed in the cellar. This had to add the danger of pirate raids. Taking into account that more than 250 years this trade route lasted only four galleons were caught, we can say that the problem of piracy was quite secondary. Other problems were temporary and the calm, and that by failing to wind galleons was impossible to advance.


The success of the Manila Galleon route was made possible by the Mexican silver, which had a high price in Asia, since the existing bimetallic ratio favoring it in relation to gold. Asia say that the money was more scarce than in Europe. This allowed her to buy most items made in Asia sumptuous, a very cheap price and then sell it in America and in Europe with a huge profit.


Links:

footsteps of Urdaneta : A documentary that shows the life of Andres de Urdaneta and Cerain.


Sources: Wikipedia, www.almendron.com

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The Road of Hope

when Mauritania gained independence in 1960, the plan of building a new road linking the capital, Nouakchott, to the east arose as a primary political issue. The road, called Route de l'espoir -Road of Hope "began to be built in the early seventies, ending in Nema in the early eighties after covering 1 200 km, thus ending the isolation of six regions with the richest agricultural and agro-pastoral.


In recent years, this road has become a major tourist destination where you can find the seas of sand and savanna Trarza Maurer The Abiod , in the mythical Sahel.


Links:

Youtube: Video showing the path of Hope.

Sergi Fernández: Video Sergi made his final challenge in cycling across the Sahara, part of the route runs through the Road of Hope.


Sources: Wikipedia

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A highway in the sky The Race

The Karakoram Highway, also known by the abbreviation KKH (Karakoram Highwaste and ) is the world's highest road. All numbers and figures on it are impressive, was inaugurated in 1982 after 20 years of work, has a 1200 km route linking the cities of Kashgar in China to the Pakistani capital Islamabad, port through the Khunjerab confirmed at an altitude 4,693 meters above sea level, since it can display two eight-thousands, the Nanga Parbat (8,125 meters) and K2 (8,611). In short, a road relatively young but already a seasoned legend created.

For many centuries, one of many silk routes was through these landscapes by narrow roads full of dangers and hardships. Tight turns with little turning radius, ground floor and rubble, landslides constant, unimaginable uneven, fragile bridges to cross rivers or to bridge the gap between folds of formidable mountains.


In recent years, this road has become a major tourist destination thanks to the beauty and uniqueness of the landscapes it crosses. highlight the Hunza Valley on the border between Pakistan and China. The route is crossed by several glaciers, such as those found near the small town of Passu or that of Gulmit . Besides you can see some 20,000 pieces of rock art along the route.


links: Youtube

: Excerpt from the Edge of Impossible across the road the Karakoram.


Sources: Wikipedia

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Filípides

In 490 BC C. took place in the areas of the town of Marathon a few miles from Athens. a battle that pitted one side the Persian king Darius I, who wanted to invade and conquer Athens for its participation in the Ionian Revolt on the other hand, the Athenians and their allies.

According the Greek historian Herodotus, the soldier Pheidippides was sent to Sparta to ask for military assistance to repel the invading Persians, who were moving toward Marathon. According to the book of Herodotus, Pheidippides ran from Athens to Sparta in two days, covering 240 km. Yet another version that Pheidippides died from fatigue after having run about 40 km from Marathon to Athens to announce victory the Persian army.


Fortunately for today's brokers, the founders of the first Olympic Games took the second version and set the race distance at 42,195 km, although there is an annual race in honor of this epic called Spartathlon , that covers the distance from Athens to Sparta.


Links:

Spartathlon: Inspired by the legend of Pheidippides, is a marathon from Athens to Sparta which runs for 36 hours.


Sources: Wikipedia

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Camino Real Camino Real Panama

In the sixteenth century the English built a road that would link the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast across the Isthmus of Panama. The route called the Camino Real and articles used to supply European and American markets for Spain sent precious metals from the Viceroyalty of Peru.


The road was about 80 miles away, 3 feet wide and was built with stones covered with clay to make a surface smooth. The route originally began in the town of Nombre de Dios on the Atlantic coast and ended in the ancient city of Panama in the Pacific. In 1572 and 1573, Sir Francis Drake sacked the population Name of God and the English decided to move the port of Nombre de Dios to Portobelo fortification . In this way tube change the original path as it passes through Boqueron.

The road is heavily used, but the continuing problems during the rainy season lead to the creation of a new route. So in 1569, the Viceroy of Peru, Francisco de Toledo, ordered to build a new road that would have a land part (Panama City to the town crosses) and after some taking advantage of the Chagres River. This route would receive the name of the road crossings.

The importance of freight traffic both ways is evident in the data provided indicate that between 1531 and 1660, all the gold that entered Spain from the New World, 60% crossed the Isthmus of Panama.

Carlos I came to instruct Andagoya Pascual of building a canal through the Chagres River, to which he refused the then Governor of Tierra Firme. " Similarly, Philip II sought the same idea in Nicaragua, which also failed.


Links:

Outdoors: Article on the highway in the Outdoors blog.

A test of all: survival Program Discovery Channel, where the Panama chapter the protagonist must go through the old road. Ruta Quetzal

: chapter devoted to highway.


Sources: Wikipedia, www.bruceruiz.net

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Persian

The Persian Royal Road was an ancient road built by the Persian king Darius I V century a. C. Dario built the road to facilitate rapid communication through its vast empire stretching from Susa to Sardis . Couriers could travel 2,699 km in seven days. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote, "There is nothing in the world that travels faster than these Persian couriers." Herodotus also said of these messengers "Neither rain, nor snow, nor heat, nor gloom of night will prevent them from fulfilling the obligation that they have been entrusted to the highest possible speed" .



The route of the Camino Real Persian has been reconstructed from the writings of Herodotus, the archaeological and other historical sources. It began in the west in Sardis (about 60 miles east of Izmir in modern Turkey), was heading east, through what is now north-central section of Turkey, to the ancient Assyrian capital Nineveh (now Mosul, Iraq). Then continued south to Babylon (now Baghdad, Iraq).

Near Babylon, is believed to be divided into two portions, one that is directed toward the northeast and then west through Ecbatana and along the Silk Road. The other went to the east, through of the future capital of the Persian empire, Susa , (now Iran ) and then southeast to Persepolis .

Sources: Wikipedia