Melina Velba With Santa Clause

Balmis Tamerlane, Ruy González de Clavijo

In collaboration with my colleague Josep de Perched on the network, we have prepared this article with a detailed interactive map Travel Ruy González de Clavijo to Samarkand. The first European diplomatic embassy to Central Asia.

After the catastrophe of the Christian kingdoms in the Battle of Nicopolis against Bayezid I (1396), Emperor of Constantinople made a trip from the West trying to raise arms, money, and men as a last defense, since the city was completely surrounded by the Turks, meanwhile arrived in Europe, news of the Great Tamerlane, who from Central Asia had achieved several victories, from Delhi to Damascus.


View Embassy to Tamerlane in a larger map

Henry III, which had highlighted sending embassies to the Sultan of Babylon Cairo and other Muslim kings of North Africa, sent Payo Gómez de Soto and Hernán Sánchez de Palazuelos to Tamerlane (although it is likely that initially intending to be credited also to Bajazet). Ambassadors agreed Angora (now Ankara) in 1402, just as Tamburlaine the battle which took place in plain Tchibukova, where defeated Ottoman Sultan. According to some historians, Bayezid I after being taken prisoner was locked in a cage that was used by Tamerlane as a step, which support their feet to mount his horse. Bayazid died soon after

1403 Grand Tamerlane was the Castilian ambassadors and ordered Mohamad Al Qazl (The Kesh) to accompany them back, with a letter from Timur to the King of Spain, informing his victory over Bayezid I, the envoy brought with him, presents for the king and captives, Catherine, and Maria Angelina, Hungarian three princesses, who had been released from Turkish rule, the delegation was received by the king and court in Segovia.

Dominicans and Franciscans preached since 1318 in Tabriz (Persia), Pope Boniface IX was appointed bishop in those lands to Joannes de Galonifontibus, which in July of 1402 he was sent back to Europe by Tamerlane with letters to the kings Henry IV England and Charles VI of France with the purpose of announcing the news of the victory over Bajazet, and make new alliances, and the news coming to Genoa, Venice, London and Paris.

After hearing the news that brought her back Payo Gomez and Hernan Sanchez. To improve relations with the Great Tamerlane, in the year 1403, King Henry III, decided to send a new delegation of 14 people. In front of the embassy were Ruy González de Clavijo, the master theologian Fray Alonso Pérez de Santamaria and the king's guard Gómez de Salazar, who were sent as ambassadors to Samarkand, the court of the Great Tamerlane, a great trip that lasted three years. He walked back to the Mohamad Al Qazl issue, the envoy of the previous expedition.

Ruy González de Clavijo

boats in the harbor of Santa Maria on 22 May 1403, sailed to Malaga, Cartagena, Formentera and Mallorca. On July 18 near Stromboli, are caught in a storm and can see the meteorological phenomenon of the "Lights of San Telmo, luminescent balls appear at the top of the masts at the end of the storm, and that was a sign of good omen.

continue sailing to Rhodes, and thence to Constantinople, where they were received with honors by King Manuel II.

After crossing the Black Sea, landed in Trabzon and crossed by Armenia, Persia and Turkestan down to Samarkand, where they arrived sixteen months later in September 1404.

The real save Gómez de Salazar who accompanied the delegation, died at Nishapur during the expedition before reaching their destination ..

On September 8, 1404, the Ambassadors have the opportunity to appear before the Great Tamerlane, who made the following statement:
"Behold these ambassadors who sends me my son, the King of Spain, which is the greatest King that there among the Franks, and are very great people! In truth I give you my blessing to my son King "

there is that coinciding with the delegation in China and being such a platform to a higher altitude than the Spaniards, the Tamerlane brought down the Chinese and instead placed Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo and his entourage.

In Samarkand the Great Tamburlaine the Great quriltai held, a celebration that was to the election of a new puppet Kan, who happened to Muhammad b. Qan Soyurghatmish, who died in 1402 (805). attended the annals many embassies including those of China, and that of Ruy González de Clavijo, sent by King Henry III of Castile. The ambassadors stayed about three months in court, where they were invited to countless parties and celebrations.

Without much explanation the ambassadors were invited to leave Samarkand, Tamerlane without response to the letter from King or even say goodbye. Tamerlane was preparing for the greatest achievement: a campaign against China. Gathers a huge army and vast amounts of supplies, and late fall of 1404 addresses Utrar, where he planned to overwinter. There he died on January 19, 1405 (807) because of an illness.

On the way back, the ambassadors received the news of the death of Tamerlane and soon were arrested and stolen in Persia, where they were six months of captivity.

In March of 1406 arrived at San Lucar de Barrameda and then went to Alcalá de Henares where the king received them.

Ruy González de Clavijo was a witness in the will of Henry III, in December of that year, 1406 and died on April 2, 1412, is buried in the Real Basilica de San Francisco el Grande, having left an interesting account of travel. We can now contemplate

mark this historic embassy in the streets and buildings of Samarkand. Astronomical observatory in the Ulug Bek we get up a painting alluding to the Castilian ambassadors. Tamerlane built a town at the edge of Samarkand called Madrid. In 2004 the avenue was opened Ruy González de Clavijo next to the Gur-Emir.


Links:
trip
Chronicle: online copy of the chronicle of the trip written by Ruy González de Clavijo.

Madrileños World: The TV shows Madrid in Samarkand.

Youtube: Video describing the adventure of Ruy González de Clavijo.


Sources: Wikipedia

Dora Goodie Bags I Can Make

The route of the Indies fleet

The article has been created within the framework of the blog coraboración Bartomeus , with the special aim at the creation of a map showing the route taken by the Indias fleet and some relevant facts.

Indies fleets were the operating mechanism of the English trade monopoly in America and was all the commerce and navigation between Spain and America. Were set up in 1561 and survived until 1778, when it was finally removed.


View Road Indies Fleet in a larger map

two fleets were differentiated. The one that went to Mexico, whose final destination was the port of Veracruz, was to sail from Spain in April and was called the Fleet of New Spain. Aimed at the mainland, whose terminal was Nombre de Dios, then replaced by Portobelo-had to leave in August and was named galleon fleet. Sometimes they sailed together the fleet and the Galleons, but each of them holding his personality and leadership.

When the fleet left the mainland coast and began its course through the so-called Mar de las Mares, who was part of the ocean between San Lucar and Canary Islands. Was covered in about ten or twelve days, depending on sea conditions. At the head was the Captain, with the largest banner hoisted. Then the merchant. Closing the training, the Admiral, flagship hoisted at the stern. The remaining warships were to windward of the merchants to get closer to them quickly in case of attack.

From Canary fleet was entering the so-called Mar de las Damas, because it was said that even women could rule there the ships, given the ideal conditions for sailing. This was possible by the northern hemisphere trade winds blowing fairly constant in summer and less in winter. Run from the 30-35 º to the tropics, from northeast to southwest, due to rotation of the earth and constantly push the ships from the Canary Islands into the tropical regions of the new continent. The trade winds are warm, steady, blow dry, about 20 kms an hour. Coming to the Tropic of Cancer from August shipments ran the risk of encountering tropical hurricanes, mass of clouds that formed at the height of Cape Verde were en route to the West Indies downloading devastating storms.


The trip by the Atlantic became more monotonous then, accompanied by endless creak of rigging and the creaking of the cables. Sometimes they were ordered to battle stations have trained the army and navy against a possible enemy attack, and this was perhaps the only thing that broke the tedium. The only entertainment on board were religious services to which everyone had to go. Passengers could not play or blaspheme. There was the food twice daily. The pages served to the passengers. At first it was bad then consisted of meat, vegetables and fruits, but it ended soon and vegetables began to end in the eternal diet of beef, honey, cheese and olives. The crew ate almost exclusively jerky.

The Ladies Sea was crossed in a month, after which is usually reached the island of Dominica, where he was a small scale. It came down to earth and made great feasts. Who went to America for the first time in wonder to the people, landscape, etc.. The landfall was brief, he had to continue to Veracruz or Name of God, and this represented another travel month.

fleet of New Spain from Dominica barreled toward Veracruz. Along the way they were going to evolve in the same vessels bound for Honduras, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo and Cuba. The fleet of galleons in turn put towards Cartagena, leaving some merchant voyage bound for Margarita, La Guaira, Maracaibo and Riohacha. In Cartagena it was a long scale of two weeks, it was necessary to unload the goods destined for the New Kingdom of Granada, which usually accounted for 25% of all that was going mainland. Then he went to Nombre de Dios, which was the actual terminal.

After the negotiation, the merchant both fleets, the New Spain and the mainland, had to go to Havana, where they were waiting to escort warships. From there he undertook the journey back to Spain.

From Havana dangerous way to the Bahama Channel. After the channel and with the help of northern temperate winds, the currents of the Gulf and Atlantic anticyclone moved north to reach the height of the Azores at 39 ° north where the pirates danger increased. Sometimes warships were sent reinforcements to the islands, to await the arrival of the fleet. From the Azores on their way to Portugal. It was a rare landfall in the Algarve to download smuggling. Finally reached the English southwest and finally to San Lucar, where the galleons began to climb with difficulty to reach the port Guadalquivir river in Seville. The increase in tonnage of ships was making Sevilla in a failed port to the Indian trade, as it prevented the rise of the bar of the Guadalquivir. In 1680 it was decided that the galleons departure and arrival at Cadiz, the port had better conditions for this negotiation Atlantic.

The threat of rival colonial powers increased when they were able to establish bases in the Caribbean. Britain was St. Kitts and Nevis in 1624, Curacao and the Netherlands in 1634. The fleet of 1628 was captured by the Dutchman Piet Hein in the Battle of the Bay of Matanzas, and in 1656 and 1657 were captured by the English Richard Stayner and Robert Blake during the Anglo-English war. Of 1702 was destroyed during the Battle of Rande.

Despite the general perception that many English ships were captured by pirates and privateers, the fact is that more than 250 years of service attacks losses were minimal and can be described well the Indian fleet as a most successful naval operations in history.

The last Indian fleet sailed in 1776. In the 1780, Spain opened the colonies to the free market.


Links:

Histamar : Detailed information on the fleet of the Indies.

Historical Documents: List of what happened to His Majesty's Navy with England on Crow Island to pick up the fleet of the Indian


Sources: Wikipedia , www.almendron.com

Anniversary Funny Messages

The way of the Lord, the Capac Nan

The Capac Nan, in Quechua, "The Way of the Lord" is a network of roads and infrastructure built over 2,000 years of Andean culture. Reach over 6,000 km, from southern Colombia to the south-central Chile, through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina totaling 25,000 kilometers in total that were articulated in the central area by the culturaWari. Later, with the arrival of the Incas to the region from establishing the Tawantinsuyo Titicaca, in which lived a few million inhabitants, which were connected by a complex network of paths that started from Cuzco to the four cardinal points his or .

The English made him a stretch of the Camino Real and was the basis of communications between the provinces of the Viceroyalty of Peru and later to New Granada and La Plata. During the Republic, the roads linked the new nations, to the construction of roads with the arrival of automobiles in the twentieth century.

El Camino Trunk or major axis of the Sierra is organized by the Andean peaks, with parallel paths through the Pacific Coast and transverse corridors linking the coast with the highlands and the Yungas area
.

The only sections with international tourist market are the so-called Inca Trail from Cuzco to Machu Picchu in Peru and the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina
.

In connection with the Peruvian section this corresponds to a distance of 50 kilometers, three-day walk, which links the city Cuzco Machu Picchu, which has become famous and that it is crossed by thousands of tourists annually.


Links:

Youtube: Video Capac Nan road with Andean music.


Sources: Wikipedia